1) Gene regulatory dynamics during differentiation to cardiovascular cell types Global gene regulatory networks and mechanisms, and their evolutionary robustness, are not fully understood in complex processes such as development, especially in humans and other primates. In vitro cellular differentiation assays across species allow for the study of gene regulatory cascades from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), to intermediate germ layers, and terminal cell types. The regulation of, and by, TEs in this process is of particular interest to us. This research area will lead to insight into the gene regulatory dynamics involved in the transitions between cell states during differentiation.

2) Robustness of gene regulatory processes in response to perturbation Rapid changes in gene expression in response to stress can lead to evolutionary adaptation. If these changes occur in a species-specific manner, they could have consequences on inter-species differences in cellular phenotypes. Alternatively, there may be redundancy in gene regulatory networks. This notion has been difficult to investigate between primate species due to practical and ethical challenges. In addition, teasing apart the relative contributions of intrinsic genetic sequence and the environmental context is inherently challenging in identifying the source of any inter-species differences in gene expression. iPSCs, equivalently generated across species, now allow for environmentally controlled studies to determine core inter-species gene regulatory differences across multiple cell types. This research area will lead to insight into the robustness of gene regulatory networks across cell types, and under different environmental conditions and stress.

3) Impact of inter-individual variation on cardiovascular disease-relevant phenotypes Genetic variants have been found to be associated with a variety of phenotypic traits and diseases, including cardiovascular disease. These loci are typically in non-coding regions of the genome. However, many of these variants are also eQTLs, which could implicate particular genes involved in the trait. Understanding the impact of genetic variation in the human population will provide insight into disease susceptibility and response to treatment, central tenets of personalized medicine. Characterizing the influence of genetic variants, in the relevant cell type, in a controlled environmental context will be important in working towards this goal. One particular area of interest focuses on understanding the genetic and mechanistic basis of chemotherapeutic agent-induced cardiotoxicity. This research area will lead to insight into the effects of genetic variation on drug responses and CVD phenotypes, and could help inform appropriate patient treatment.